One
of the most gratifying aspects of our job is to customize spaces for our
clients, the most intimate being those in the home. The first thing we ask a client to do when we
set out to create a home for them is to fill out a questionnaire. It is
designed to structure the get to know you process, and our goal in writing it
is to understand how our clients live in the spaces they have, and more
importantly, how they want to live in
the spaces we have been hired to create. We encourage our clients to take some
time with it, because it goes beyond the quantitative questions such as number
of bedrooms, or desired square footage frequently used to define scope, and
asks more qualitative questions to really understand how those spaces or that
square footage will be used (who cooks? Where do you eat? how frequently to do
you host overnight guests?) Because while two clients might each respond that
they need three bedrooms, or a large kitchen – the way they envision using those
spaces, and therefore the way we approach their design, is unique to them.
When
we finish the questionnaire phase we have a list of spaces that will be
important in the home, as well as a sense of the way those spaces relate to
each other for our client. The list is made up of basics: cooking space, living
space, bathing space and sleeping space, as well as “extras” such as outdoor
space, formal dining space, work space, storage space, play space, media space
etc. And most of the time these functions fit into rooms with familiar names
and descriptions – cooking space is in the kitchen, sleeping space is divided
in to a number of bedrooms, etc. But the compartmentalization of home life into
these rooms is actually very recent, and specific to our time and place. Each
of these rooms has a rich and ever evolving history –while we have always needed
a place to sleep, or eat, the way that we do those things is ever changing and
therefore the spaces dedicated to them change as well. Bill Brysons “At Home” and Lucy Worsley’s “If
Walls Could Talk” are a great introduction to the history of life in rooms.
Many room names are quite old but have completely different functions than the
space originally defined by that name, such as the kitchen or hall- others have
virtually disappeared such as the parlor, or scullery- and some, like a media
room or master bathroom are very new.
The original
room was the “hall” which we now only
include where necessary for circulation, and often don’t even consider as a
room of its own right. But until as recently as the 15th century the
hall was the most important, (and at first, the only!) room in the house. The
word “hall” is 1600 years old, when it referred to a large barn like structure
that functioned as kitchen, bedroom, dressing room, living room, (and barn!) in
one- the original open floor plan. The room
was therefore designed to afford complete flexibility- the only fixed feature
would have been a centrally located hearth for cooking, light, and warmth. Furniture
would have been kept to a minimum, with shared bedding laid out only at night
and put away during the day (a typical bed size for a family might have been
9’x7’). An early dining table would have actually been a board, hung on the
wall when not in use (also the origin of the term “room and board”). The
concept of privacy in the early home was therefore nonexistent- rather, all
life was carried out communally.
With
time other rooms were added, such as the chapel, kitchen and sleeping chambers.
The addition of new rooms was made possible by the invention of the chimney in
the 1300s which funneled smoke out of the house, for the first time allowing
the space above head height to be breathable and therefore occupiable. The
first room to move upstairs was the bedroom,
in the form of the ”great chamber” which was the first private space for the
family, separate from guests or servants. The first bedrooms would have been
shared by the nuclear family, often in one bed. They were used not just for
sleeping but also for entertaining or eating in a more intimate setting. The
bedroom didn’t become a dedicated room just for sleeping until the 1600s. Even
then, it wasn’t yet considered a private space, evidenced by the fact that most
bedrooms were accessed from each other rather than a corridor. The desire for privacy
from other household members wasn’t adopted until later- As literacy rates
increased, people began to enjoy and value time spent alone. Interestingly, the
first space designed for privacy was not the bedroom or bathroom, but the closet. The original use of the word
“closet” referred to a small room off of the bed chamber more similar to a
study than a storage space, where the occupant might pray or meditate and where
the owner might store small collectibles or art- also one of the first spaces
to feature an interior lock. And while todays closets are generally
utilitarian, the original “closets” would have had some of the most
personalized decor.
The
chimney was equally impactful in creating a separate kitchen – and whereas early censuses actually counted the number of
hearths rather than people or houses, once the hearth was no longer required to
be in the center of the home as a heat source it was quickly moved to a less
prominent part of the home and many times actually stood as a structure
separate from the home. Cooking was done over a fire, while baking was
typically done outside the home in a communal oven. The kitchen stayed a hidden
and undecorated space in middle and upper class homes until after the early 20th
century when household sizes decreased, and therefore cooking was done by the
“mistress of the house” for her own family rather than by employed staff. Different
from today’s multifunction and often quite expensively finished kitchens, a
kitchen in a 1920s home would have been for cooking only- dining, dish storage,
entertaining, would have been in separate rooms. And a mid nineteenth century
kitchen would not have even had a sink – the cleaning and cooking functions
were considered separate, and the cleaning would have been done in a separate
room called the scullery.
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| kitchen at mount vernon, 1860 |
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| 1939 model kitchen |
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| 1911 catalog kitchen |
Baths date back to the Roman
Empire, but in a very different form than we bathe today. Almost more important
than their hygienic function, Roman baths were opportunities for socializing,
carried out outside the home, and very much in public. With the rise of
Christianity people adopted a more modest approach to bathing, but the labor
involved in carrying water, let alone heating it, for a private bath was so
great that most people actually bathed very infrequently. The bathroom as a
dedicated and private space within the home is only as old as plumbing –
previously bathing would have taken place using portable pitchers and basins
carried into the bedroom. The “en suite” bathroom actually began in hotels, the
first being Cape May, New Jersey’s Mount Vernon Hotel in 1853. It was slower to
catch on in private homes because they frequently lacked the pressure to bring
the water upstairs (London’s first pipes were actually made of wood, later
replaced with iron). The first private bathrooms were utilitarian, more akin to
mechanical rooms than today’s often spa-like master bathrooms, and had to be tucked
into existing spaces wherever they could fit. As a result the sizes of
bathrooms, and their fixtures, were far from standard (Bryson cites a bathtub
so big a stepladder was needed to get into it, and a shower large enough for a
horse). Porcelain enamel tubs were the first to be considered attractive –
prior versions might have been made of zinc, copper or cast iron. By 1940
fixtures had become more or less standardized, and affordable - an entire bath
suite (sink bath and toilet) could be purchased for $70.
While
all rooms are really living rooms, “living
rooms” in the sense of the word today were the creation of leisure time,
and in America the term was only coined around the mid-19th century.
Predecessors to the living room, such as the parlor date all the way back to
1225 where it was used to describe a room where monks could go to talk (derived
from the French word “parler”) but were only seen in homes for the wealthy. A
new urban middle class emerging in the 17th century was the first
time that anyone but the wealthy had time for leisure, and need of an
impressive space to host guests. Dedicated dining
rooms only came about in the mid-18th century as a result of the
widespread adoption of upholstered furniture, as a way of preventing stains
from eating.
As
technology makes domestic life easier, and careers and school tend to keep
people away from home during the day, homes are increasingly our centers for privacy,
leisure, and relaxation. Average household
size in the west has gone from 5.8 members in 1790 to 2.6 in America today,
making it possible and desirable to create more private spaces for individual
retreat within the home, as well as social spaces geared more toward relaxation
and entertaining. But of course the floor plan will
continue to evolve, and the popularity of the tiny house movement, an
appreciation for minimalism and open plans, and renewed interest in
sustainability suggest that maybe we still have something to learn from the
original room, the “hall”.
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| 1799 duplex |
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| 1925 house plan |
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| 1910 apartment plan |
Sources:
|
Bill
Bryson “At Home”
Lucy
Worsley “If Walls Could Talk”
NYPL
Digital Library
|
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